Whenever there is a discussion of the Indian
Economy, a common topic that comes up is that of Unemployment which has
been plaguing the nation. Unemployment refers to a situation in
which people who are able and willing to work do not get employment
opportunities and jobs that match their capabilities and skills.
Structural Unemployment - India
suffers from a condition of Structural unemployment in which enough
jobs are not created due to insufficient productive capacity.
The National Sample
Survey Organization (NSSO) has 3 concepts of unemployment:
1. Chronic Unemployment 2. Weekly Unemployment 3. Daily Status
Unemployment
Types of unemployment:
-
Structural unemployment – in such a
situation the productive capacity is inadequate.
-
Seasonal unemployment - such as that
affecting the rain-fed agricultural farmers who remain out of
work for four to six months in a year.
-
Open unemployment – their is a
migration of people from rural areas to urban areas in search of work.
-
Frictional unemployment – generation
of unemployment due to change in market conditions.
Disguised unemployment – a situation in which more persons are
involved in a certain job than needed in which case the marginal
productivity of labour is 0.
Important Employment &
Development Programmes:
- Community Development Programme
- 1952 - Overall development of rural areas with people’s participation.
- Intensive Agriculture Development
Programme - 1960-61 - To provide loan, seeds, fertilizer, tools to
the farmers.
- Employment Guarantee Scheme of
Maharashtra - 1972-73 - To assist the economically weaker section of
the rural society.
- Twenty Point Programme - 1975 -
Poverty eradication and raising the standard of living.
- Food for work Programme -
1977-78 - Providing food grains to labour for the work of development.
- National Rural Employment Programme
- 1980 - To provide profitable employment opportunities to the rural
poor.
- Development of women & children in
Rural Areas - 1982 - To provide suitable opportunities of
self-employment to the women belonging to the rural families who are
living below the poverty line.
- Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme - 1983 - For providing employment to landless farmers &
labourers.
- Self-employment of the Educated
Unemployed Youth - 1983-84 - To provide financial and technical
assistance for self-employment.
- Council for Advancement of People’s
Action & Rural Technology - 1986 - To provide assistance for rural
prosperity.
- Self-Employment programme for the
Urban poor - 1986 - To provide self employment to urban poor through
provision of subsidiary and bank credit.
- Jawahar Rozgar Yojana - 1989 -
To provide employment to rural unemployed.
- Nehru Rozgar Yojana - 1989 - To
provide employment to urban unemployed.
- Scheme for Urban Micro Enterprises
- 1990 - To assist the urban poor for small enterprises.
- Scheme for Urban Wage Employment -
1990 - To provide wages employment after arranging the basic
facilities for poor people in the urban areas where population is less
than one lakh.
- Scheme for Housing and Shelter
Up-gradation - 1990 - To provide employment by means of shelter
up-gradation in the urban areas where population is between 1 to 20
lakhs.
- Employment Assurance Scheme -
1993 - To provide employment of at least 100 days in a year in villages.
- Swaran Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana
- 1997 - To provide gainful employment to urban unemployed and under
employed poor through self employment or wage employment.
- Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar
Yojana - 1999 - For eliminating rural poverty and unemployment and
promoting self employment.
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana -
2000 - To line all villages with Pacca road.
- Sampurna Gramin Rojgar Yojana -
2001 - Providing employment & food security.
- Jai Prakash Narain Rozgar Guarantee
Yojana - 2002-3 - Employment guarantee in most poor districts.
- Rural Employment Guarantee Yojana -
2005-6 - 100 days assured employment.
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